How to Talk to Kids About Difficult Subjects

One of the toughest jobs of parenting is talking to your kids about difficult subjects. It's hard enough to explain when Mr. Teddy Bear gets eaten by the washing machine. Or how their bike got stolen at school. It feels impossible to put into words the really big issues, such as violence, racism, drugs, and other weighty topics. But in the age of cell phone notifications, streaming video, and 24-hour news coverage -- when even little kids are exposed to really serious stories -- it's important to face this challenge head-on. Addressing the tough stuff makes your kids feel safer, strengthens your bond, and teaches them about the world. And when you show them how to gather and interpret information, ask questions, and cross-check sources, they become critical thinkers. It's always sad to confront the issues the world hasn't been able to solve. But by investing our kids with knowledge, compassion, and strong character, we can give them all the tools they need to make things better.

When your kids learn about something scary or unsettling -- say, a mass shooting, a suicide on a popular TV show, or graphic porn via an innocent Google search -- most parents get that deer-in-the-headlights feeling. But it's always a good idea to use your kid's age and developmental stage as a guide to starting conversations, because kids absorb information differently as they grow from babies to teens. For example, young children are very literal. If you tell them a monster is under the bed, they'll fly across the room to avoid getting their ankles munched. Try that with a teen, and they'll tell you to take a flying leap. Understanding a bit about how kids perceive the world in each phase of their development helps you deliver information about it in the most age-appropriate way. Of course, every child brings his or her own sensitivities, temperament, experience, and other individual traits to any conversation. A talk about the Holocaust, for instance, can go in a million directions depending on the kid. So use your best judgment as to how your child tends to takes in information to determine how deep to go.

There are far too many difficult subjects in the world. But most of us wouldn't want to give up our dynamic, information-rich culture. The trade-off is frank, yet compassionate conversation that helps us all make sense of things that seem senseless. The tips below are general guidelines for discussing any difficult subject with kids age 2 through teen based on childhood-development guidelines. Additionally, we offer guidance on explaining the news to kids and talking about sexual harassment to young kids and tweens and teens.

Age 2–6

Young children don't have enough life experience to understand some of the elements involved in complex, difficult topics. They also don't have a firm grasp on abstract concepts and cause and effect. Because they and their primary relationships (Mom, Dad, siblings, grandparents -- even the family dog) are the center of their world, they focus on how things affect them. They're very sensitive to parents' emotional states and can worry that they did something to make you upset. All of this makes it challenging to explain big issues. On the other hand, you're better able to manage their media exposure, and they can usually move on fairly quickly.

• Keep the news at bay. Do what you can to limit small kids' exposure to age-inappropriate subjects by turning off or muting the TV and choosing media that's targeted to their age.
• Reassure with both words and gestures. Say, "You're safe. Mommy and Daddy are safe. And our family is safe." Hugs and snuggling work wonders, too.
• Address feelings -- yours and theirs. Say, "It's OK to feel scared, sad, or confused. Those feelings are natural and we all feel them." Also: "I'm upset, but not with you."
• Find out what they know. Your kids might not understand the issue very well. Ask them what they think happened before giving them any imagery.
• Break down issues to their simplest terms. For violent crime, say, "Someone used a gun to shoot people." For hate crimes, say, "Some groups of people still aren't treated equally or fairly." For rape, "A man hurt a woman."
• Catch your own biases. We all have them. Say, "man," "woman," "girl," and "boy," not "fat guy," "homeless lady," "pretty little girl," or "black boy." Avoid describing a person's ethnicity, sexual identity, weight, financial status, and so on unless it's relevant to the issue.
• Use vocabulary, ideas, and relationships that they're familiar with. Recall a recent, similar situation from their lives that they can relate to. Say, "A man stole something. Remember when someone took your lunchbox?"
• Use basic terms for feelings such as "mad," "sad," "afraid," "happy," and "surprised." Young children understand emotions, but they don't totally understand mental illness. You can say that someone was angry too much or confused too much and needed extra help. Avoid idiomatic expressions such as "blew a gasket" or "flew the coop."
• Communicate that someone's in charge. Say, "Mommy and Daddy will make sure nothing bad happens to our family." Or, "The police will catch the bad guy."

Age 7–12

Because kids in this age group can read and write, they get exposed to age-inappropriate content more often -- but younger kids in this range are still a little shaky on what's real and pretend. As kids gain abstract-thinking skills, real-world experience, and the ability to express themselves, they can grapple with difficult subjects and understand different perspectives. Because tweens are separating from their parents, entering into puberty, and interacting with media more independently, they come into contact with violent video games, hard-core pornography, distressing news like mass shootings, and online hate speech. They need to be able to discuss things without feeling shame or embarrassment.

• Wait for the right moment. At this age, kids are still very likely to come to you if they've heard about something frightening. You can feel them out to decide if they want to discuss something, but if they don't bring it up, don't feel you have to broach difficult subjects until they ask.
• Find out what they know. Ask your kids what they've heard, or if their friends at school are talking about something. Answer questions simply and directly -- but try not to overexplain (because you could make them more scared).
• Create a safe space for discussion. Say, "These topics are hard to discuss -- even for adults. Let's just talk. I won't be mad, and I want you to feel free to ask anything you want."
• Provide context and perspective. Kids need to understand the circumstances around an issue to fully make sense of it. For a mass shooting, you can say, "The person who committed the killing had problems in his brain that confused his thoughts." For race-based crimes, say, "Some people wrongly believe that light-skinned people are better than dark-skinned people. Without the correct information, they sometimes commit crimes they think are justified." 
• Address their curiosity. If your kid stumbles across grown-up material online, it might be time to find content that will let them learn about more mature subjects age-appropriately. Say, "Online pornography is something that some grown-ups look at. But it's not about love or romance and it can give you the wrong idea about sex. If you want to learn more about sex, I can give you some books to look at and we can talk more if you have questions." Or if your kid wants to explore serious topics in more depth than you can provide, say, "Let's find some news sources that offer current events written for kids."
• Be sensitive to kids' emotions and temperament. You never know what may trigger your kid. Check in by sharing how you feel and ask them how they feel. Say, "I feel angry when I know that someone got hurt." Or, "It makes me feel sad to hear that someone didn't get a good education or the right treatment to help them." And, "What are you feeling right now?"
• Encourage critical thinking. Ask open-ended questions to get kids to think more deeply about serious topics. Ask, "What did you hear?," "What did it make you think?," and "Why do you think that?" For older kids, you can ask, "Do you think families from other backgrounds would view this the same way as us?" And, "The news media hypes up stories so more people will pay attention. Why do you think this story is getting so much play?"
• Look for positives. There may not be a silver lining to every cloud, but try to be optimistic. Say, "A lot of people acted like heroes at the crime scene." Or, "Let's find ways that we can help."

Teens

At this age, teens are engaged in media independently -- reading it, interacting with it, and even making their own and sharing it in the form of comments, videos, and memes. They often hear about difficult subjects in the news or from other places, such as in video game chats or on social media, without your knowledge. They're much more interested in what their friends or online folks think about an issue than in your opinion -- often scrolling to the bottom of an article to read user responses before they even read the whole story. They bristle at lectures -- because they think they know everything -- so encourage them to find media that can enrich their knowledge and ask questions that prompt them to think through their arguments.  

• Encourage open dialogue. Teens need to know that they can ask questions, test their opinions, and speak freely without fear of consequences. Say, "We may not agree on everything, but I'm interested in what you have to say."
• Ask open-ended questions and ask them to support their ideas. Say, "What do you think about police brutality?," "What do you know about it?," "Who do you think is at fault?," and "Why do you think that?"
• Admit when you don't know something. As kids move into the teen phase, it's OK for them to see that their parents may not have all the answers. Say, "I don't know. Let's try to find out more."
• Get them to consider the complexities in difficult subjects. Forces including social issues, politics, tradition, and more all contribute to making some problems seem incurable. Ask, "What makes difficult issues, such as rape, violence, and crime, so hard to solve?," "What key things would need to change to fix certain issues, such as poverty?," "How do policymakers get to the bottom of an issue to correct tough problems?," and "Should we accept tiny changes that help a problem little by little or insist on big changes?"
• Share your values. Let your kids know where you stand on issues, and explain why you hold certain values. If you want your teens to be respectful of others' differences, for example, explain why you value tolerance and acceptance.
• Talk about "their" news. Prompt them to consider how different sources put their own spin on the issues and how that influences an audience's opinion of an issue. Social media such as Facebook, Instagram, and Snapchat tend to serve up content from friends -- with stories that tend to confirm one point of view. How do these stories compare to supposedly objective news broadcasts on TV? How about sources designed for millennials such as Vice and Vox that feature reporters investigating stories in the trenches? Ask, "Does a reporter have to experience heroin dependency to be able to report a story on opiate addiction?"
• Ask what they would do if they were in a really difficult situation? Teens are figuring out their own identities and can seek out risk. Considering how they would act if confronted with a terrible reality appeals to their own sense of adventure and is a way to get them to grapple with ethical dilemmas and see themselves making good choices. Say, "If you were caught in a political demonstration that turned violent and you saw people being mistreated, what would you do?"
• Get them to consider solutions. Teens can be cynical, but they can also be idealistic. If anything is going to get better, it's this generation who's going to do it. Show them that you trust them for the job. Ask, "If you were in charge, what issue would you solve first and why -- and how would you do it?"